This is an estimation of illegal or hidden activities, using the International Monetary Fund (IMF) Direction of Trade (DOTS) methodology. The research points to declining trade mispricing in South Africa and Zambia for the period 2013 to 2015 and in Nigeria for the period 2013 to 2014. Morocco and Egypt exhibit increasing trade mispricing from 2013 to 2014. These flows mean reduced revenues to the fiscus to invest in socio-economic infrastructure and pro-poor growth strategies, which would benefit women and the poor. Policy recommendations address trade mispricing and propose remedies for the data anomalies.
